So you decided to invest your hard-earned money, and now you want to evaluate whether it was the right decision. To do so, you need to calculate the Alpha of your portfolio.
How to calculate Alpha of your portfolio
But before we immediately dive into the nitty-gritty of the Alpha formula, let us define the Alpha first.
What is Alpha?
Alpha or Jensen Index (invented by Michael Jensen in the 1970s) is an index used in some financial models such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to determine the highest possible return on an investment for the least amount of risk.
In other words, Alpha measures how well an investment performed compared to its benchmark.
In finance, Jensen’s index determines the required excess return of a stock, security, or portfolio. It uses a relationship between risk and return (technically called “security market line”) as a benchmark.
The number you get shows how much better or worse an investment performed relative to its benchmark.
Thus, it allows the investor to statistically test whether the portfolio produced an abnormal return relative to the overall capital market i.e. whether the manager’s skill has added value to a fund on a risk-adjusted basis. Bluntly speaking, it tells you if investment decisions were good or bad.
However, Jensen’s Alpha causes some debates, as some economists argue that most managers fail to beat the market over the long run due to the efficient market hypothesis, attributing Alpha to luck instead of portfolio managers’ skills.
How does it work?
Mathematically speaking, Alpha is the rate of return that exceeds a financial expectation. We will use the CAPM formula as an example to illustrate how Alpha works exactly:
r = Rf + beta * (Rm – Rf ) + Alpha
Thus,
Alpha = r – Rf – beta * (Rm – Rf )
where:
r = the security’s or portfolio’s return
Rf = the risk-free rate of return
beta = systemic risk of a portfolio (the security’s or portfolio’s price volatility relative to the overall market)
Rm = the market return
Now we will have a look at three different scenarios of market performance accompanied by the diagrams. In all the scenarios, the excess returns on the fund are plotted against the excess returns on the market.
First Market Scenario
The excess returns on the fund are plotted against the excess returns on the market as shown above. The regression line in the first scenario has a positive intercept. This is an abnormal performance.
Interpretation: the funds (represented as dots) above the line performed better than the market.
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Second Market Scenario
The second scenario shows what is known as market timing.
If the portfolio manager knows when the stock market is going up, s/he will shift into high beta stocks. If the portfolio manager knows the market is going down, he will switch to a low beta market. In the high beta stocks, these stocks will go up even further than the market and in the case of low beta stocks, these stocks will go down less than the market.
In this case, Alpha is positive, signalling strong performance.
Interpretation: If the stock is expected to be bearish, low-beta stocks will produce lower returns but also smaller losses, and vice versa when the stock is anticipated to turn bullish.
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Third Market Scenario
The third scenario assumes that the fund manager has an outstanding sense of market timing as in this case, his portfolio does not have negative returns at all.
In this case, the fund goes up by more than the market, yet the Jensen measure/Alpha, in this case, is negative. Even though the manager has shown strong market timing skills, the performance evaluation criterion reveals that he is not doing a superior job as Alpha is negative.
Interpretation: this is a classic example of when the interpretation of Alpha should be put into the context within which a fund manager operates.
To sum up, Alpha can be a useful tool to estimate the performance of a stock or your entire portfolio, yet it is important to look at it from the market and investment thesis perspectives.
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